A detailed analysis of golden agri corporation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1947 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In this project it is mentioned about Golden Agris background, the area in which it operates its competitive strength and its competitors. A detailed analysis of the company s financial analysis is showed through ratio analyses, which will help to asses Michael who is an investor whether to buy Golden Agri s share. A detailed analysis is showed based on company s last three year from 2006 to 2008 annual report, which will give useful information about company s current market position and its position in near future. Background Golden Agri-Resources Ltd (GAR) is a Singapore based investment holding company and its prime activity is to cultivate and harvest oil palm trees, processing crude palm oil (CPL) and palm kernel (PK) from fresh fruit bunches and making consumer products from CPL like cooking oil, margarine and shortening. It also deals in management of real estate and consultancy services ( Goldenagri Web (2010) 10th Marchv 2010). It also provides add itional services such as chartering services, services in port loading, storage and packaging and transportation services. It was listed on Singapore Stock Exchange in the year 1999. The company operates in two different divisions that are Indonesia Agri business and China Agri business. In the year 2009 company made a profit of $ 2,294 million (Businessweek Web (2010) 12th March 2010). Mission The company aims at giving highest standards of quality through continuous innovation and technology. The company also aims giving its returns to the society and community. It believes in sustainable palm oil cultivation it through sustainable environment. It puts its promises into action to gain trust of the shareholders and the employees. It emphasis on continuous improvement so as to get best result, and it always comes up with new ideas and products to gain productivity and growth. Products and its Customers Golden Agri has variety of Branded Products under its belt. It produc es bulk products from palm oil facilities for instance crude palm oil, palm kernel oil, cocoa butter substitute and many more which they provide to end-customers, hotels, cafes and industrial market. In Indonesia it has around 11 brands and provides products like cooking oil, margarine, butter oil substitute, shortening, special fats and frying fats. It has around 8 brands in China and provides products such as cooking oil, margarine, shortening and butter oil substitute (Goldenagri products Web (2010) 12th March 2010). Market competition Golden Agri s major competitors are Anglo-Eastern Plantations, M.P. Evans Group PLC and Wilmar. All the three has its vast operations in Malaysia and China but Wilmar which is currently Asia s largest Agribusiness group is a strong competitor of Golden Agri. Golden Agris competitive strength lies in its way it operates its business, which is by vertically-integrated operations, which means a part of production process is expanded across sever al different market segments. Due to economies of scale the company has an advantage of highly efficient operations. Company s management systems and experienced and versatile management team has helped the company in its growth, and to gain competitive advantage (Answers Web (2010) 11th March 2010). Strengths and weaknesses: Strengths: ? Enormous production being carried out, leads to economies of scale ( low cost). ? Highly qualified and experienced team. ? Less competition in market. ? In-house research carried out in institute. Weaknesses: ? Being lead to high cost due to push strategy. ? As production depends on nature it affects growth of palms. ? Common Currency fluctuation as they deal in international markets. ? Strong government influences in homecountry. Financial Statement Firm uses financial statement to indicate the financial performance of the company. Financial statements are used in relation to business accomplishments. The fin ancial statement includes income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Income statement shows the company s direct expenses (salary, depreciation etc) and income. It also shows the company expenses in attaining earnings per share. Balance sheet shows the amount of assets and liabilities the company possess. Balance sheet is normally used by company to measure the liquidity of company. Cash flow statement only records cash items no credit items are recorded in this statement. The cash-flow statement can be vital in determining whether or not a corporation has sufficient cash to compensate its bills, handle expenses, and acquire assets (wisegeek web (2003-2010), 14th march 2010) Ratio Analysis: [A] Liquidity ratio: This ratio suggests the company s capability to pay off the short term liabilities. It can be achieved by dividing total cash out of short term liabilities. It shows how liquid the company is. To calculate Liquidity Ratio, Company has to refer to Ba lance sheet. This ratio includes working capital, current and acid test ratio (Advfn web(1999-2010), 2nd march 2010). 1. Working capital: Current Assets Current Liabilities. It measures the company s efficiency and financial ability to repay the short term liabilities (Investopedia web(2010), 4th march 2010). 2006 2007 2008 $424,000-$347,916. $763,817-$517,790 $707,481-$547,989 = $76,084 = $246,027 = $159,492 Interpretation: In 2007, firm has increased their paying obligation approximately thrice compared to previous year; this may be due to increase in their current assets and marginal increase in the liabilities. While in 2008 it again decreases due to falling in amount of cash they had. 2. Current ratio: Current Assets / Current liabilities. The higher the ratio the more liquid the company is. It shows the amount of assets the company has to reimburse their short term obligations (Investorwords web (2010) 5th march 2010). 2006 2007 2008 $424,000/ $347,916 $763,817 / $517,790 $707,481/ $547,989 = 1.21:1 = 1.47:1 = 1.29:1 Interpretation: In 2007, Golden Agri have realised that they have enough solvency in the company to pay their current liabilities. Figures above shows that company has $1.47 to pay their $1 liability, in fact it is higher amongst three years. 3. Quick (Acid test) ratio: Quick Assets (Current assets- Inventories) / Current Liabilities. It is a more conservative ratio that the current and working capital. It excludes the inventory that has left at the end of the financial year. It excludes the type of current assets that are not easily converted into the cash. 2006 2007 2008 ($424,000 $144,174) / $347,916 ($763,817-$311,534) / $517,790 ($707,481- $248,084) / $547,989 $279,826 / $347916 $452,283 / $517,790 $459,357 / $547,989 = 0.80:1 = 0.87:1 =0.83:1 Interpretation: Above figures are concern, Golden Agri have not realise the major difference in their quick test ratio. Firm has $0.87 liquid asset to pay their $1 of quick liabilities, although it gets decreased in following year. Overall liquid position is just above satisfactory level. [b] Credit Risk Ratio: Total Liabilities / Total assets. This ratio is more of a concern about the long term risk of the creditors. It is assumed that the total assets should be more than the total obligations in order to pay its debts. 2006 2007 2008 $1,064,066 / $2,985,362 $1,631,604 / $5,012,814 $2,118,677 / $6,825,507 = 35.64% = 32.54% = 31.04% Interpretation: As long as long term is concerned, the higher total asset more the company able to pay their debt. Comparing 2006, 2007 and 2008, as the year progresses the percentage declines, so company has enough of the assets to pay debt in long term. [B] Profitability ratios: This ratio suggests how profitable company is. For calculation, firm has to refer to the Income statement (profit loss account). This ratio enables the investors and lenders to d ecide for their benefit. We can say that is being divided in two sub sections, Margins and returns. Margins suggest the company s ability to translate the sales into the profits. Return illustrates the amount of return the company able to give their shareholders (Bizfinance Web (2010) 7th march 2010). It includes Gross profit rate, net income rate, and earnings per share, PE ratio and some more. 1. Gross profit rate: Gross profit / Net sales (Turnover) A profit margin ratio indicates that amount of earnings, required to pay fixed costs and profits, which is generated from revenues. Lower the ratio means the company is unable to control their production cost. Although this might be a good ratio for comparing against its competitors (bizwiz). 2006 2007 2008 $269,814 / $1,129,587 $658,348 / $1,873,352 $876,117 / $2,985,948 = 0.23 or 23% = 0.35 or 35% = 0.29% or 29% Interpretation: Gross profit rate for the year 2007 and 2006 are 35 and 29% respectively. This means out of $100 dollars company spends, it generates them profit of $35 in 2007 and $29 in 2008. Out of this the company has to pay their taxes and operating expenses, as a result corrective measure should be taken to improve. 2. Net Income Rate: Net income / Net sales. This ratio shows the percentage of net profit the company make after deducting taxation. The more the net income rate the higher the company profit appears to be. 2006 2007 2008 $539,531 / $1,129,587 $1,274,375 / $1,873,352 $1,418,645 / $2,985,948 = 0.4776 or 47.76% = 0.6802 or 68.02% = 0.4751 or 47.51% Interpretation: Net income had declined after 2007. This suggests that out of $100 the company spends company is generating $68.02 and $47.51 in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Net income is after deducting taxes. Firm needs to work on it. 3. Earnings per share (EPS): Net income / Shares outstanding. This is most important measurement in profitability ratio. This measurement suggests the power of co mpany to generate the money. The higher the Earnings per share the higher the value of share (Investing web (2008) 8th march 2010). 2006 2007 2008 $5.42 $12.21 $13.86 Interpretation: This ratio shows the earnings of the company from the total issue of share in the market. This measure shows us rise in earnings per share from 2006, 2007 and highest in 2008. Company is doing healthy in stock market. 4. Price Earnings Ratio: Current Market price per share / EPS Based on this Measurement investor can determine whether to invest in the company or not. Ratios decided above only analysed as per the books of accounts, but P/E ratio is based on current market price of share and gets to know the amount of Profit Company can generate. This also shows future performance of company. 2006 2007 2008 $78.61 / $5.42 $66 / $12.21 $46 / $13.86 = $14.50 = $5.40 = $3.31 Interpretation: This ratio shows that company has lowest current market price which is in 2008. This w ill not attract more investors because this measurement needs to be consider by investors when they invest 5: Return On Investment: Return / Average amount invested. Now this is based on return the shareholder gets on the amount they invested. Return on investment measures the company ability to generate the profit and provide investors with better result for their valuable investment. 2006 2007 2008 $539,531 / $351,831.5 $1,274,375 / $817,662.5 $1,418,645 / $1,273,659 = 153.34% = 155.85% = 111.38% Interpretation: After considering this measurement of return the company might lose their investors, due to decrease in amount of return on investment. The company need to decrease direct expense and increase their net profit to overcome this situation. 6. Return on total assets: operative income / average total assets. 2006 2007 2008 $777,556 / $2,564,072.5 $1,757,968 / $3,999,088 $1,986,316 / $5,919,160.5 = 0.3032 or 30.32% = 0.4395 or 43.95% = 0.3355 or 33.55% Interpretation: Golden Agri generation of return on total asset is at quiet satisfactory level. As this measurement will not much affect the decision of investor to invest or not. 7: Return on Equity: Net income / Average owner s equity. This measurement indicates that amount of return shareholders achieves on their invested funds. This has a lot to consider from shareholder s side of view. The higher percentage of return the more are the chances of investors attraction towards company. 2006 2007 2008 $539,531 / $1,647,603.5 $1,274,375 / $2,651,253 $1,418,645 / $4,044,020 = 32.74% = 48.06% = 35.08% Interpretation: This indicates that during year of 2006 the company on every equity shares of $100 has earned $32.74 but at the current the company has earned more if we see that in the year 2008 the company earned $35.08. This ratio reflects the character of the management in general and this current year ratio provide valuable guidance to an investor. So, we can say that the ratio controls the market value of a company s equity share. Conclusion: All the above ratios are calculated based on past records. No ratio is based on current market condition except one. The company really has satisfactory liquidity position; able to pay debt is short term as well as in long run. While considering to the profitability ratio, figures Shows Company is able to generate supplementary profit compared to last years. Return on investment, current market price, return on total assets and return on equity is not appalling. If we carefully consider all ratios, most of ratios are fluctuating in 2007 and 2008, and our findings suggest that liquidity and profitability along with all returns has a probability to enhance. Not ignoring all non financial factors. Recommendations: We would like to suggest Mr. Michael brown to purchase some of the share based on our conclusion and see if company improves then Mr Brown can procure more. Perform al l this after considering all non financial factors, as some of the non financial factors have uncertainty which can result in losses (customer preferences, Nature). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A detailed analysis of golden agri corporation" essay for you Create order

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Life Of Charlemagne Essay Research Paper And free essay sample

Life Of Charlemagne Essay, Research Paper ? ? And although his organic structure was non pierced by the blade, the test of many agonies, the parlous combats in which he engaged, his day-to-day willingness to decease for the transition of the heathen, have made of him a sufferer. ? Frederick Barbarossa The Medieval Age is thought of as a dark clip, where everything tended to be black and blue, nevertheless there was visible radiation all through this period, and many establishments we have today were created and formed during this clip. Out of this great clip, we get great leaders, some of who are Alfred, Arthur, and Charlemagne. Charlemagne was the great leader and defender of the Franks, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and vanquisher of Lombardy. He was a great adult male even by today? s criterions. He stood up for what he believed in and protected what he had. Much of what we know of Charlemagne comes from? The Life of Charlemagne? , written by Einhard, who was a friend of Charlemagne, and was a ulterior adviser to his boy. Charlemagne, besides known as Charles I, was born in 742. He was the boy of Pepin the Short and Bertrada. ? Small is known about his childhood, no 1 was about at the clip of Einard? s authorship who would hold remembered it? . Charlemagne # 8217 ; s roots can be traced back to Ansegis, Mayor of Austrasia and Begga. His most celebrated ascendants nevertheless, were his male parent and gramps, Pepin the Short and Charles Martel, severally. ? After the decease of Pepin the Short, in 768, Charlemagne and his brother Carloman were proclaimed male monarchs by their supporting Lords, and were anointed by their several bishops, this joint opinion was merely allowed if the two brothers could co-operate with each other in the opinion of the state. ? ? In 769, Aquitaine and Gascony broke into rebellion, which was a war foremost started by Pepin the short, but was non finished. Charlemagne was forced to seek to oppress these rebellions without his brother # 8217 ; s aid, because Carloman did non direct the aid that Charlemagne needed? . Charlemagne marched his ground forces through Bordeaux and defeated the rebel leader, Hunold. Duke Hunold went to Lupus, Duke of the Gascons, for protection. Duke Lupus feared the Charlemagne would walk through his state and take over, so he agreed to give Hunold to Charlemagne, and besides gave himself up. After the Aquitaine War, there was problem get downing up in Lombardy, to seek and seal the peace with Lombardy, he married the girl of the male monarch of Lombardy, Desiderata. Pope Stephen III did non like this matrimony, for the pontificate had great influence with the Franks. Pope Stephen would hold liked to see the powers of the Lombards weakened, because the Lombard? s district bordered on those of the Pope? s land. After one twelvemonth, Charlemagne divorced his married woman, Desiderata and married Hildegarde. In 771, there was a fright that Carloman and Desiderata would make an confederation and onslaught Charlemagne, but in December of that twelvemonth, Carloman died, go forthing Charlemagne in complete control of the Frankish Kingdom who voted nem con for Charlemagne to take all of the Franks. ? In 772, Charlemagne led an ground forces into Saxony, in his first effort to suppress the part. Charlemagne decided to halt for the winter, and alternatively of traveling back to onslaught Saxony, he had changed his head and turned about and headed for Lombardy in 773. His ground forces marched from Geneva toward Lombardy. Charlemagne # 8217 ; s ground forces was spilt into two groups, one commanded by him and the other by his Uncle Bernard. Although Desiderius had fortified the Italian Alps, a flanking maneuver forced him to withdraw toward Lombardy. Desiderius # 8217 ; ground forces came to rest at the metropolis of Pavia. Charlemagne laid besieging to the metropolis for several months. ? He so left a smaller force to siege Pavia, and took the majority of his ground forces to run into other Lombard menaces. Being so near to Rome, Charlemagne decided to see the Pope. In Rome he met other swayers, religious and earthly. In meetings with the Catholic Pope, he reconfirmed the confe deration between the Frankish Empire and the pontificate. In the summer of 774, Pavia was in a hard place, they had no nutrient, Desiderius agreed to give up every bit long as the life of his work forces would be spared. Charlemagne, agreed to the footings, and exiled Desiderius. Charlemagne was so declared the King of Italy, and from that clip onwards he was to be called King of the Franks and Lombards. Charlemagne thought the best manner to govern the districts that he conquered was to go forth the current governors in their topographic point and got them to pay testimonial to him. One of the son-in-laws to Desiderius refused to pay regard to Charlemagne, and he tried to reconstruct the exiled prince Adelchis. Charlemagne so set out to oppress these dissenters ; he went to conflict with the Lombards once more. ? While Charlemagne was contending the Lombards, the Saxons once more revolted, and Charlemagne once more marched his ground forcess to Saxony. He started his invasion by assailing Westphalia. Then he marched into Engria, conquered the Mid-Saxons, and so crossed into Eastphalia. It was the Eastphalians who foremost converted to Christianity, and so the Engrians followed. Hostages were taken for security for the curses made. Westphalia was the last to covert, as they were stronger than the other two states of Saxony. ? As an terminal consequence of this run, three quarters of Saxony were loyal to Charlemagne, but non for long. In 776, Saxony revolted once more. He marched his ground forces from Italy to Saxony with astonishing velocity, and took the Saxons wholly by surprise. The sureties that he had taken earlier were killed, and the Saxons looked for peace. ? To see his control, Charlemagne called a council at Paderborn, in the centre of Engria. Many Saxons were baptized, and swore curses to stay loyal to Charlemagne. At the council, embassadors from Spain had come to demo court to Charlemagne, they proposed that their feudal lords become Godheads of Charlemagne, if he agreed to give protection. Thinking that Saxony was under control, he accepted the offer and took his ground forces into Spain. After suppressing lands at that place, he learned that there was another rebellion in Saxony. He so marched back to Saxony, and defeated the Westphalians. As usual, the Eastphalians and the Engrians submitted without a fight. ? Charlemagne so divided the Saxons politically and set them under bishops, to maintain them controlled. He published a Saxon codification of jurisprudence, and allow some Saxon Chieftains maintain regulation. After 2 old ages, the northern folk of Saxony revolted once more, and Charlemagne once more subdue the rebellion. He so rounded up the leaders of the rebellion, which was about 4,500 work forces, and slaughtered them. Merely minor Saxony rebellions occurred for the clip being, which were easy controlled. Carolus so turned his attending to other foreparts. He so conquered the Slavs, Avars, the Island of Corsica, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands. In 792, the Saxons revolted once more. It would take 2 old ages for Charlemagne to halt the rebellion. ? Charlemagne was described as a really big individual, but with a really screaky voice. He loved to hold people around him. Charlemagne was a low swayer, he did non seek to promote himself over his topics, and he talked to each one every bit, and often appointed former slaves as governors. ? Besides he did non dress articulately, he wore the same apparels as everyone else at this clip. From the beginning of his twenty-four hours, he had people inquiring for advice, chew the fating with him, etc. He did non like to blow clip, and frequently had his day-to-day planning session in his sleeping room while he got dressed. He was a profoundly spiritual individual, and attended mass on a regular basis. He besides loved to eat, and regarded repast times when bosom and head were nourished. Like the Greeks, Charlemagne despised inebriation in all people, and particularly held himself to his criterions. After a repast, he would frequently take a sleep in readying for the twenty-four hours in f ront, which was filled with tribunal instances, planning, and other kingly affairs. In the eventide, he would go to services in the chapel, before he would eat dinner. Charlemagne loved his household, and when he was at place, would non sit down to eat without his kids being present. He particularly cared for his kids, Charles, Carloman ( who is subsequently named Pepin ) , and Louis. From the beginning of their lives he ever stressed instruction. In add-on to the physical preparation they received, each one of them accompanied their male parent on the battleground, and when each was 13, they were all dominating work forces. He besides gave each of his boies a part of the land to govern, so that they would derive practical experience in being a leader. Even after they were on their ain, Charlemagne kept an oculus on them. He was even more alert of his girls. He would merely let them to get married courtiers that lived in the castle. His girls joined in on all of his activities, from the forenoon Hunt to the assorted after-dinner treatments. In 791, he chooses Aix-la-Chapelle ( now know as Aachen ) to be the site for his new capitol. He chose this s ite for several grounds. First, it was known for it # 8217 ; s hot springs. Second, Aix-la-Chapelle was in range of about all of Frankland , and was particularly close to Saxony. Third, it was a little town, and this would let him to exercise his ain influence in its building. The capitol was centered on the church and his castle, both in his head equal. In the late 780 # 8217 ; s and throughout the 790 # 8217 ; s Charlemagne devoted much of his clip seeking to better the lives of his citizens. He proved himself to be a wise swayer. One of the factors in his success was the constitution of # 8216 ; missi dominici # 8217 ; ( the Godhead # 8217 ; s emmissaries ) . The missi dominici were people who inspected all parts of the imperium, taking notes on how Charlemagne # 8217 ; s orders were being carried out, and guaranting they were being carried out. The # 8216 ; missi dominici # 8217 ; were truly the eyes and ears of Charlemagne, since he could non see his full land at one clip. Another factor that helped simplify the imperium was the usage of feudal system. Feudalism was such an of import portion of European life style, which it wasn? T until the 1800? s when the last of it disappeared. Charlemagne improved the trade within the imperium by bettering route conditions, and constructing new roads. He tried to construct a canal c onnected the Danube and the Rhine rivers, but was unsuccessful. He was forced to develop a system of money exchange with in the imperium because of the new trade ; it was the most efficient manner to merchandise amongst his great imperium. Charlemagne, while being an first-class military tactician, besides cared for his rational development. Ever since he had been exposed to life in Italy, he started to assail acquisition as he had attacked the Saxons, with strength and doggedness. He learned how to talk Greek and Latin. Charlemagne started a school at Aix-la-Chapelle, where he invited pupils from all over the land to larn. Although the school was established for boies of Lords, he believed that all kids should hold a opportunity to larn, so he allowed all kids to inscribe. The repute of the Palace School spread throughout Europe. Students from all across Europe came to the school. Charlemagne picked Alcuin, a monastic from England to revise the educational system. Alcuin wrote new text editions to replace the older 1s, and started to develop new instructors. By the clip of Alcuin # 8217 ; s retirement, Charlemagne could offer cosmopolitan free instruction. Charlemagne frequently enjoyed the conversation that Alcuin, and others gave. ? The school at Aix-la-Chapelle shortly became a college. Lectures, poesy readings, and conversation were prevailing at that place. Charlemagne # 8217 ; s involvement in instruction stemmed from his involvement in faith, he felt that instruction opened a individual to the spiritual cognition that made for redemption of the soul. ? Charlemagne became interested in spiritual life of Frankland in other ways. Previously, his sense of spiritual mission had been restricted to his efforts to suppress new converts on the battleground. His sense of duty began to turn. The male monarch frequently turned preacher, as he felt that the people, particularly the clergy, should populate up to the ideals and behaviours that they professed. He started a run to clean all the churches in Frankland, he introduced the Gregorian chant to the church services, and he urged priests to acquire a proper education. ? Charlemagne besides started to acquire into the theological contentions of th e twenty-four hours. He studied the Orthodox place, and tried to understand it, he besides began to step in when he felt that Pope Hadrian was slacking off in responsibilities. When Charlemagne heard that the Eastern church defended the pattern of utilizing images in their worship, Charlemagne wrote a defence of the Western # 8217 ; s Church # 8217 ; s place. He called a council of Bishops in 794 where he presented his papers. They all voted to reprobate the eastern pattern. Get downing with the decease of Pope Hadrian in 795, Charlemagne started down the way to going Emperor of the Romans. Hadrian # 8217 ; s replacement, Pope Leo, was really unpopular. Roman Lords accused him of criminal conversation. In 799 the Pope was attacked by a group of plotters who were determined to dispose him. Loyal attenders, who took him to safety, finally saved him. He sought a more lasting safety with Frankish embassadors. Although Charlemagne did non particularly like the new Catholic Pope, he would non stand for this sort of behaviour. ? He sent for Leo to be brought to him. Pope Leo stayed with Charlemagne for a couple months before he was sent back with 2 archbishops and Frankish escorts, who were to unclutter the Pope # 8217 ; s name. While in Rome, he eventually cleared Pope Leo # 8217 ; s name. ? On the twenty-four hours he had planned to coronate his boy King of Franks, he was crowned Emperor of the Romans. Charlemagne accepted the place with humbleness. Einhar d, his biographer, and one of his closest friends remarked the male monarch stating that he would come in St. Peter # 8217 ; s that Day if he had known what the Pope was traveling to make. Charlemagne showed most of his true qualities as Emperor. This was to get down his calling as a diplomat. He turned his attending to the Holy Land. Reports of Moslem onslaughts on Christian monasteries had been making Europe. Charlemagne began attempts to befriend the Muslims. He sent a squad of embassadors to Baghdad, where he befriended the Caliph of Baghdad. It worked and the Caliph showered the Emperor with gifts of silk, and even an elephant. In 804, Saxony rebelled, and in an act of great inhuman treatment, Charlemagne ordered that many Saxons to be sent to distant parts of the Frankish land. In his new place came new enemies. His chief enemy was the Byzantines. The Byzantine emperors were non happy with Charlemagne being crowned Emperor of the Romans. In the twelvemonth 805, Charlemagne had a confrontation with the Byzantines over the ownership of Venice. But alternatively of contending over Venice, Charlemagne gave it to the Byzantine emperor in favour of better dealingss. The Normans in the North were going more of a job besides. They would utilize their naval forcess to bust the coastal small towns of Frankland. Although the Franks were powerful on land, they were inferior to the Normans at sea. Charlemagne organized his people to get down constructing a new naval forces. The struggle in the North was eventually ended, but non by superior naval strength, but because the Norman male monarch had died. In 810 the Franks started a run against the Normans, and Charles took the elephant he had received from the Caliph of Baghdad with him. While on the run, the elephant died. This was merely the start of Char lemagne # 8217 ; s problems. Subsequently in 810, the Frankish Empire was struck by a cattle pestilence, doing dearth. Charlemagne # 8217 ; s boy, Pepin, and girl, Hrodrud, both died that twelvemonth, and Charlemagne # 8217 ; s wellness began to neglect. Charlemagne started program how his imperium would be split up after his decease. He did non desire to divide his land between his staying boies, for fright of contending between them. But, as was Frankish tradition, ? he did program to interrupt up his imperium, but under the status that the 3 lands work with each other. Besides in his will, he made clear that 11 twelfths was to travel to the church? . In 811, Charlemagne? s oldest boy, Charles, died. This left merely Louis to regulate the imperium after his decease. Many felt that the Crown should non be passed to Louis, but instead to one of Charlemagne # 8217 ; s grandsons. But Charlemagne was determined to follow tradition. In 813, he summoned Louis to Aix-la-Chapelle to se ek and learn him how to regulate and empire. In September of that twelvemonth, Charlemagne crowned his boy, Louis the Pious, King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans. Just a few months afterwards, Charlemagne was killed by a febrility after a hunting trip. He was 71 old ages old. Charlemagne, had the longest regulation to day of the month of any one swayer in Europe, the reign was 47 old ages. He had come to the throne in 768 at the age of 26, along with his brother. Throughout the 47 old ages of his regulation, he had changed the class of Europe. He reimplemented the Holy Roman Empire, and brought faith to many topographic points all over northern Europe. He had expanded the heads of people, by offering them free instruction. His great wars showed that he was a militarily superior adult male, but his personal life showed he was a good male parent, and a really devoted adult male. The chief beginning of information we get on Charlemagne is from Einhard, his narratives of Charlemagne still are reprinted today, but how much religion can we set on this nonreversible piece o grounds. Charlemagne was remembered for centuries after his decease, some narratives true and some fabricated, but in the eyes of most people, Charlemagne was one of the greatest regulations in history. Richard Winston, Charlemagne ( London, 1956 ) , 326. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne ( Toronto, 1960 ) , 27. H.R. Loyn and J. Percival, The Reign of Charlemagne ( London, 1975 ) , 1. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, 27-28. E.M. Almedingen, Charlemagne ( Toronto, 1968 ) , 96-103. Winston, Charlemagne, 67-78. Winston, Charlemagne, 67-78. Donald Bullough, The Age Of Charlemagne ( London, 1965 ) , 203-207. Winston, Charlemagne, 39. Winston, Charlemagne, 40. Winston, Charlemagne, 255-258. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, 63-69.